The desert AREAS of the playas are important due to the diversity of geomorphological landforms and the great potential for geo-tourism development. These AREAS can be provided using statistical and quantitative models to determine the AREAS with a higher geomorphological diversity value to land planners for the sustainable development. This research was conducted to evaluate the geomorphodiversity in Mesileh playas in Namak Lake and Hoz-e- Sultan region. The geomorphological landforms in this area were extracted using satellite images and field studies, Fragstats software and the eight quantitative indicators of the landscape metrics include Patch Richness Density, Relative Patch Richness, Simpsons Evenness Index, Index Shannon Evenness, Shannons Diversity Index, Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Sahanon Evenness Index were exerted to evaluate the richness of geomorphological units in Masileh playas. The results indicate that the geomorphological units of alluvial fans, salt flats, salt mud flats and dunes, respectively, have the highest value among the landscape metrics. In addition, from the point of view of the landscape metrics, the northwest regions of Kashan and Abuzeydabad have the most incredible variety of geomorphology. This research showed that geomorphological units could be used as a suitable indicator in evaluating the diversity of the landscape, especially in flat AREAS with morphometric and geological diversity.

A B S T R A C TThe morphology of each region is related to its landforms, the morphology of flat AREAS is related to inselbergs. The presence of inselbergs in desert and dry AREAS gives a special appearance to the morphology of these AREAS. The study of these landforms and the effective factors in their formation is considered a necessity in terms of regional development. According to the studies, various factors play a role in the formation of inselbergs, and the role of lithology seems to be more prominent. In this research, which was conducted with the method of field and library studies, we identified 18 inselbergs in Safi Abad plain and by studying them, we came to the conclusion that the inselbergs of this plain are mainly formed in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, conglomerate and sandstone. Among the geological formations, the largest and most diverse inselbergs in the Safiabad plain are formed in the mass conglomerate formation with good hardening because this formation is the most widespread in this plain. But the most typical inselbergs of this plain are formed in thick layered limestone. Because this formation is more resistant to erosion. Lar Formations including Limestone and Thick Limestone’s to Mass Dolomite and Delichai Formations have also played an important role in the formation of inselbergs in this plain. Although the extent of these formations is not significant, but due to their significant resistance to erosion and being far from these PROCESSES, they have caused the formation of evolved inselbergs in this plainExtended AbstractIntroductionInselbergs are ridges with a height of less than 500 meters formed with a steep slope in the plains. Their resistance to erosion has caused them to be considered capable players in the morphology of arid and semi-arid regions. Due to their uniqueness in desert AREAS, these AREAS are of interest to tourists, and the economic situation of these AREAS can be improved by attracting tourists. The prominence of inselbergs in desert AREAS has caused researchers to pay attention to their studies, the most important of which are the studies of Pye in Kenya (1984), Nenonen in Finland (2018), Luiza in Brazil (2021), Laetitia in Africa (2019), and Mashaal in Egypt (2020). Although the conditions for inselberg formation are available in some AREAS of Iran, and these landforms have given a particular face to the morphology of this country, no significant study has been done on them so far. This research attempts to investigate the role of lithology in inselberg formation in Safi Abad Plain by using library and field studies. MethodologySafi Abad plain in the northeast of Iran and North Khorasan province and in terms of geographical coordinates between 36-˚ 48-05 to 36-22-55˚ North and 37-57˚ East to 36-˚ 37-08 It is located at 57-58-11 east. Field and library studies were used to study the inselbergs of this plain. The entire region was surveyed in 2 years in the field studies, and 18 inselbergs were identified. Then, the location and extent of their expansion were determined. In the morphometry that was done as a survey, the minimum height, length-to-width ratio of inselbergs, and their distance from each other were measured with GPS. The study of the concepts, definitions, and effective PROCESSES in inselberg formation was done with the library method. The maps of this research were drawn with Adobe Illustrator software. Results and discussionInselbergs are diverse in terms of morphology; in the studied area, 18 inselbergs were identified, most of which are mixed. Most of them are rocky and have less vegetation. Regarding lithology, inselbergs are particular forms of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but some are also formed in other rocks. Although lithology plays an essential role in inselberg morphology, it cannot be claimed that inselbergs formed in the same formation have the same shape. Although the dominant lithology of the Safi Abad plain is formed from sedimentary rocks, due to the different resistance of its formations, the height, shape, and slope of the inselbergs of this plain are different in different parts of the region. The difference in these characteristics has caused the different shapes of the land in this plain. According to the studies of the most resistant formations of Safi Abad plain against erosion, limestone is a thick layer of chert mass formed due to the resistance against the erosion of the complete inselbergs.After this formation, the Lar formation consists of fine-grained uniform dolomitic limestone with thick to massive layering, which is more resistant; that is why many inselbergs in the region have formed in it. The third formation in terms of resistance is the Apsin-Albin unit, which includes orbitolinate limestone and thick limes to a mass of dolomite. Although this unit has a small area, its inselbergs are closer to typical inselbergs. In terms of area, most of the area is composed of mass conglomerates with good hardening. Due to the different effects of this formation from different PROCESSES, its inselbergs do not have the same morphology. The inselbergs formed in this formation are in the middle part of the high area, low in the southern part, incomplete in the western part, and incomplete mushrooms in the path of the Gerati River. After this formation, gray shales are the most resistant to erosion. This formation, which belongs to the Jurassic period, has formed a large part of the northeastern inselbergs. The alternation of limestone and marl in the Delichai formations in the middle part of the region provides the basis for the formation of mushroom-shaped inselbergs in the future. ConclusionSafiabad Plain is in the northeast of Iran, and in terms of geomorphological units, it is part of central Iran. Inselbergs form part of the morphology of this plain. In this study, 18 inselbergs were identified in this plain, and their detailed study showed that their primary skeleton was established by tectonic activities in the Devonian to Miocene period with the formation of Posht Bahram mountains. It was formed when the tectonic activities calmed down and in opposition to the lithology and erosion of the inselbergs of this plain. In terms of lithology, the well-hardened conglomerate formation covers nearly 47% of this plain, and due to its large size and different distances from erosion PROCESSES, various inselbergs have been formed in it. The southern inselbergs formed in this formation have a regular shape due to wind and blue erosion. In contrast, the middle inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the distance from higher erosion, and the western inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the superiority of blue erosion. Another formation that plays a vital role in this field is Lar Mei Formation. Although this is the second formation in terms of size and strength, many inselbergs have formed in it. The Shemshak formation is placed after the Lar formation in terms of resistance. This formation has caused the formation of chain inselbergs in the northeast of the region. The most typical inselbergs of the region are observed in the thick layered limestones of the formation (Maastrichtian). Also, this research found that inselbergs may be formed in all flat AREAS of the world and even in sedimentary formations. However, the inselbergs formed are far from those formed in tropical regions' igneous and metamorphic formations. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Hydrological PROCESSES and their spatial distribution directly are relevant to climate, topography, geology, and land use in the watershed. Therefore, use of a model whit integrity and high performance for simulating the process in deferent watersheds is very important. In this study was assessment performance of semi-distributed SWAT model in simulating hydrology PROCESSES in three watersheds with different climate: Jazmurian basin with 1258 (km2) in an arid climate, Khorramabad watershed white 2467 (km2) in a semi-arid climate and Talar watershed white 2057 (km2) climate in semi-humid climate. To this purpose, maps land use, soil, digital elevation model, and meteorological data in daily step collected from many stations for each region. After running the SWAT model, the calibration and validation model did whit SUFI2 algorithm. Performance models were assessed with statistical coefficients NS, R2 and bR2. The results showed that the values of these coefficients in Jazmurian basin is 0.56, 0.54 and 0.20, in Khorramabad watershed is 0.68, 0.72 and 0.32 respectively and in Talar watershed is 0.64 0.66 and 0.31 respectively. Overall, the results showed that the SWAT model performance in Talar watershed is higher than the other watersheds.

Water demand is one of the main components of decision making to manage resources, watersheds and phenomena such as droughts. Therefore, recognizing water capacities and demand for water are the main components of decision making for management of water resources and phenomena such as drought. The management of surface water resources and dangers in the country continues to face a lack of a system that supports decision-makers in making timely and correct decisions. In order to establish such a system, it is necessary to consider and evaluate the basic steps in identifying the subject and the country's data capacities. Considering that runoff simulation is one of the most important hydrological researches in water engineering sciences. Therefore, in this study, the simulation of the hydrologic PROCESSES of the basin, located in the dry area of Khorasan Razavi province, has been studied using the "Precipitation Index" (API), which estimates the threshold of runoff using the rainfall and trap simulator. The previous rainfall index was calculated and then the results were compared between the two indexes with the previous days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days with the flood waters of the basin. The results of this study showed that the pre-rainfall index with runoff in the catchment area had the most differences between days 20 and 30 with a difference of 4% explanation coefficient. Finally, the highest correlation between the previous rainfall index and runoff is on day one, with an explanatory factor of 56%.

The article focuses on Rethinking in the concepts related to Growth PROCESSES and forms of residential in metropolitan AREAS. This study is a descriptive-analytical study. On the other hand, it is an exploratory study. The data have been collected by attributive studies. In this way, some of the most important concepts have been discussed and similarities and differences between the concepts have been identified. The results showed that Studies the city and around have been moved to the mutual link of city and village rather than conflict between these. Also, sometimes peri-urban AREAS are known as urban AREAS with rural characteristics, another time as chaotic urbanization is leading to sprawl or are entitled interface. In accordance with the conditions and the situation of iran it seems can be called “neither urban and nor rural AREAS”. Exurban is Product of urbanization in developed countries, So that urban fringe are moving to the edge-city along with administrative structure. Also, attention to the macro, medial and micro levels is more suitable for analysis the Process of counter-urbanisation. In this paper, we concluded that examining and classify the city and surrounding AREAS in terms of physical components is an inadequate measure and should be along with functional criteria and specially city and village links (migration, capital, information, trade, etc) be completed.

Iran’ s rural sector faces many problems in terms of ecological, physical, economic and social dimensions. These problems lead to the situation in which villages become places for high-income urban groups, physical unrest, land use change, and a lack of attention to the process of developing policies and programs against their products and outcomes. As a result, the future of physical development in rural AREAS faces a serious challenge. The aim of the present study was to analyze the current situation in the framework of developing a spatial policy for the sustainable physical development of rural AREAS of the country. In this regard, both the content of rural development policies and the process of formulating these policies and the role of effective factors in it have been examined. The method of obtaining cognition in this research is qualitative, which is divided into two methods: 1-method of analysis of directional qualitative content; and 2-Grand Theory. The results show that the existing spatial policy development framework for sustainable physical development of rural AREAS in Iran consists of policy factors, policy PROCESSES and policy content. Important factors such as the lack of general policies of the political system in rural development, centralism and the marginal position of rural society at the national level affect the framework of spatial policy development. Also, current policy PROCESSES, following the factors, have several challenges that include sectoral and centralized policies, as well as the lack of coherence and coordination of agencies in the development of programs. Therefore, solving these challenges requires reforming PROCESSES and institutions instead of expanding administrative organization, integrating agricultural and rural development policies, and ultimately creating and strengthening clusters, systems, and networks. Analysis of the qualitative content of the documents showed that the factors of planning, budgeting and formulation of national sustainable development strategy, the need for coordination of sectors and communication of different national and local levels as well as economic dimension, infrastructure-physical dimension have the greatest role and influence in developing spatial development policy of rural AREAS.

In this research, the geomorphosites of the protected area of Manhest, Bangkok and Qelarang were studied using the Perira method. In this method, the geomorphologic value of geomorphosites was identified using scientific and additional values. Management value was derived from two values of Protection value and Use value and from the sum of the two values of geomorphology and management, the final value of each geomorphsites was obtained. For this reason, the principal indicator ‘ geomorphological value’ includes the secondary indicators ‘ scientific value’ and ‘ additional values’ . ‘ Management value’ , as second principal indicator, integrates the secondary indicators ‘ use value’ and ‘ protection value’ . The sum of all indicators determines the total value of the Geomorphosite. The results of this research show that the Arghavan Geomorphsite ranked 1 in the TV index, but in the final ranking or index (RK) ranked 6. The highest score in the Geomorphological section (8. 04) was attributed to the Mannesht and Qalarag and the highest weighting in the management section with a score of 4. 0 was attributed to the Arghavan geomorphosite. In the ranking table derived from the calculation of the indexes (main and sub) with the title of ranking (RK), Abdallan geomorphosite with the total value of 35 was the highest value among the six selected geomorphosites in the studied area.